Enriques Kodaira Classification Essay

By:

Publications of David R. Morrison

ORCID 0000-0001-6286-1277. Most papers since 1991 also available at: http://arxiv.org/a/morrison_d_1.

Last update: 06 March 2018. Includes links to electronic versions where available.

Books, Mathematics Articles, Physics Articles

Books

1. (co-editor, with R. Friedman), The birational geometry of degenerations, Progress in Math., vol. 29, Birkhäuser, Boston, Basel, Stuttgart, 1983.
2. (co-editor, with J. A. Carlson and C. H. Clemens), Complex geometry and Lie theory, Proc. Symp. Pure Math., vol. 53, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1991.
3. (co-editor, with J. Kollár and R. Lazarsfeld), Algebraic geometry -- Santa Cruz 1995, Proc. Symp. Pure Math., vol. 62, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1997.
4. (co-editor, with P. Deligne, P. Etingof, D. S. Freed, L. Jeffrey, D. Kazhdan, J. Morgan and E. Witten), Quantum fields and strings: A course for mathematicians, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1999, two volumes.
5. (co-editor, with C. H. Clemens), Selected works of Phillip A. Griffiths with commentary: Variations of Hodge structures, American Mathematical Society and International Press, Providence, 2003.
6. (co-editor, with R. L. Bryant), Selected works of Phillip A. Griffiths with commentary: Differential systems, American Mathematical Society and International Press, Providence, 2003.
7. (co-editor, with D. S. Freed and I. Singer), Quantum field theory, supersymmetry, and enumerative geometry, IAS/Park City Mathematics Series, vol. 11, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 2006.
8. (co-editor, with R. Donagi, S. Katz, and A. Klemm), String-Math 2012, Proc. Symp. Pure Math., vol. 90, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 2015.

Mathematics Articles

1. A Stolarsky array of Wythoff pairs, A Collection of Manuscripts Related to the Fibonacci Sequence (V. E. Hoggatt Jr. and M. Bicknell-Johnson, eds.), The Fibonacci Association, Santa Clara, 1980, pp. 134-136.
2. Semistable degenerations of Enriques' and hyperelliptic surfaces, Duke Math. J. 48 (1981) 197-249.
3. (with R. Friedman), The birational geometry of degenerations: An overview, The Birational Geometry of Degenerations (R. Friedman and D. R. Morrison, eds.), Progress in Math., vol. 29, Birkhäuser, Boston, Basel, Stuttgart, 1983, pp. 1-32.
4. (with R. Miranda), The minus one theorem, The Birational Geometry of Degenerations (R. Friedman and D. R. Morrison, eds.), Progress in Math., vol. 29, Birkhäuser, Boston, Basel, Stuttgart, 1983, pp. 173-259.
5. (with B. Crauder), Triple-point-free degenerations of surfaces with Kodaira number zero, The Birational Geometry of Degenerations (R. Friedman and D. R. Morrison, eds.), Progress in Math., vol. 29, Birkhäuser, Boston, Basel, Stuttgart, 1983, pp. 353-386.
6. Some remarks on the moduli of K3 surfaces, Classification of Algebraic and Analytic Manifolds (K. Ueno, ed.), Progress in Math., vol. 39, Birkhäuser, Boston, Basel, Stuttgart, 1983, pp. 303-332.
7. (with G. Stevens), Terminal quotient singularities in dimensions three and four, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 90 (1984) 15-20.
8. On K3 surfaces with large Picard number, Invent. Math. 75 (1984) 105-121.
9. The Clemens--Schmid exact sequence and applications, Topics in Transcendental Algebraic Geometry (P. Griffiths, ed.), Annals of Math. Studies, vol. 106, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1984, pp. 101-119.
10. Algebraic cycles on products of surfaces, Proc. Algebraic Geometry Symposium, Tôhoku University, 1984, pp. 194-210.
11. The Kuga--Satake variety of an abelian surface, J. Algebra 92 (1985) 454-476.
12. Canonical quotient singularities in dimension three, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 93 (1985) 393-396.
13. The birational geometry of surfaces with rational double points, Math. Ann. 271 (1985) 415-438, erratum (1990).
14. (with R. Miranda), The number of embeddings of integral quadratic forms, I, Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. A Math. Sci. 61 (1985) 317-320.
15. (with R. Miranda), The number of embeddings of integral quadratic forms, II, Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. A Math. Sci. 62 (1986) 29-32.
16. A remark on Kawamata's paper `On the plurigenera of minimal algebraic 3-folds with \$K \mathrel{\raise.5ex\rlap{\sim}\lower.5ex\rlap{\sim}{\sim} } 0\$', Math. Ann. 275 (1986) 547-553.
17. (with M.-H. Saito), Cremona transformations and degrees of period maps for K3 surfaces with ordinary double points, Algebraic Geometry, Sendai 1985 (T. Oda, ed.), Adv. Studies in Pure Math., vol. 10, North-Holland, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, and Kinokuniya, Tokyo, 1987, pp. 477-513.
18. Isogenies between algebraic surfaces with geometric genus one, Tokyo J. Math. 10 (1987) 179-187.
19. (with S. Mori and I. Morrison), On four-dimensional terminal quotient singularities, Math. Comp. 51 (1988) 769-786.
20. On the moduli of Todorov surfaces, Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra in Honor of Masayoshi Nagata (H. Hijikata et al., eds.), vol. 1, Kinokuniya, Tokyo, 1988, pp. 313-355.
21. (with R. Donagi), Linear systems on K3-sections, J. Differential Geom. 29 (1989) 49-64.
22. Picard--Fuchs equations and mirror maps for hypersurfaces, Essays on Mirror Manifolds (S.-T. Yau, ed.), International Press, Hong Kong, 1992, (reprinted in: Mirror Symmetry I (S.-T. Yau, ed.), International Press, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 185--199), pp. 241-264, arXiv:hep-th/9111025.
23. (with S. Katz), Gorenstein threefold singularities with small resolutions via invariant theory for Weyl groups, J. Algebraic Geom. 1 (1992) 449-530, arXiv:alg-geom/9202002, accompanying MAPLE source file.
24. Complements on log surfaces, Flips and Abundance for Algebraic Threefolds (J. Kollár, ed.), Astérisque, vol. 211, Société Mathématique de France, 1992, pp. 207-214.
25. Mirror symmetry and rational curves on quintic threefolds: A guide for mathematicians, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 6 (1993) 223-247, arXiv:alg-geom/9202004.
26. (with A. Grassi), Automorphisms and the Kähler cone of certain Calabi--Yau manifolds, Duke Math. J. 71 (1993) 831-838, arXiv:alg-geom/9212004.
27. (with P. S. Aspinwall and B. R. Greene), The monomial-divisor mirror map, Internat. Math. Res. Notices (1993) 319-337, arXiv:alg-geom/9309007.
28. Compactifications of moduli spaces inspired by mirror symmetry, Journées de Géométrie Algébrique d'Orsay (Juillet 1992), Astérisque, vol. 218, Société Mathématique de France, 1993, pp. 243-271, arXiv:alg-geom/9304007.
29. (with B. W. Jordan), On the Néron models of abelian surfaces with quaternionic multiplication, J. Reine Angew. Math. 447 (1994) 1-22.
30. (with B. Crauder), Minimal models and degenerations of surfaces with Kodaira number zero, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 343 (1994) 525-558.
31. Mirror symmetry and moduli spaces of superconformal field theories, Proc. Internat. Congr. Math. Zürich 1994 (S. D. Chatterji, ed.), vol. 2, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Boston, Berlin, 1995, pp. 1304-1314, arXiv:alg-geom/9411019.
32. Beyond the Kähler cone, Proc. of the Hirzebruch 65 Conference on Algebraic Geometry (M. Teicher, ed.), Israel Math. Conf. Proc., vol. 9, Bar-Ilan University, 1996, pp. 361-376, arXiv:alg-geom/9407007.
33. Making enumerative predictions by means of mirror symmetry, Mirror Symmetry II (B. Greene and S.-T. Yau, eds.), AMS/IP Stud. Adv. Math., vol. 1, International Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 457-482, arXiv:alg-geom/9504013.
34. Mathematical aspects of mirror symmetry, Complex Algebraic Geometry (J. Kollár, ed.), IAS/Park City Math. Series, vol. 3, 1997, pp. 265-340, arXiv:alg-geom/9609021.
35. Through the looking glass, Mirror Symmetry III (D. H. Phong, L. Vinet, and S.-T. Yau, eds.), AMS/IP Stud. Adv. Math., vol. 10, International Press, Cambridge, 1999, pp. 263-277, arXiv:alg-geom/9705028.
36. The geometry underlying mirror symmetry, New Trends in Algebraic Geometry (K. Hulek, F. Catanese, C. Peters, and M. Reid, eds.), London Math. Soc. Lecture Notes, vol. 264, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 283-310, arXiv:alg-geom/9608006.
37. Geometric aspects of mirror symmetry, Mathematics Unlimited -- 2001 and Beyond (B. Enquist and W. Schmid, eds.), Springer-Verlag, 2001, pp. 899-918, arXiv:math.AG/0007090.
38. (with A. Grassi), Group representations and the Euler characteristic of elliptically fibered Calabi--Yau threefolds, J. Algebraic Geom. 12 (2003) 321-356, arXiv:math.AG/0005196.
39. On the structure of supersymmetric \$T^3\$-fibrations, Tropical Geometry and Mirror Symmetry (R. Castaño-Bernard, Y. Soibelman, and I. Zharkov, eds.), Contemp. Math., vol. 527, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2010, pp. 91-112, arXiv:1002.4921 [math.AG].
40. (with C. Curto), Threefold flops via matrix factorization, J. Algebraic Geom. 22 (2013) 599-627, arXiv:math.AG/0611014.
41. (with M. R. Plesser), Special Lagrangian torus fibrations of complete intersection Calabi--Yau manifolds: a geometric conjecture, Nuclear Phys. B 898 (2015) 751-770, arXiv:1504.08337 [math.AG].
42. (with R. Donagi), Conformal field theories and compact curves in moduli spaces, arXiv:1709.05355 [hep-th].

Physics Articles

1. (with P. S. Aspinwall), Topological field theory and rational curves, Comm. Math. Phys. 151 (1993) 245-262, arXiv:hep-th/9110048.
2. (with P. S. Aspinwall and B. R. Greene), Multiple mirror manifolds and topology change in string theory, Phys. Lett. B 303 (1993) 249-259, arXiv:hep-th/9301043.
3. (with P. S. Aspinwall and B. R. Greene), Calabi--Yau moduli space, mirror manifolds and spacetime topology change in string theory, Nuclear Phys. B 416 (1994) 414-480, Reprinted in: Mirror Symmetry II (B. Greene and S.-T. Yau, eds.), International Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 213--280, arXiv:hep-th/9309097.
4. (with P. Candelas, X. de la Ossa, A. Font and S. Katz), Mirror symmetry for two parameter models -- I, Nuclear Phys. B 416 (1994) 481-562, Reprinted in: Mirror Symmetry II (B. Greene and S.-T. Yau, eds.), International Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 483--544, arXiv:hep-th/9308083.
5. (with P. S. Aspinwall and B. R. Greene), Measuring small distances in \$N=2\$ sigma models, Nuclear Phys. B 420 (1994) 184-242, arXiv:hep-th/9311042.
6. (with P. S. Aspinwall), Chiral rings do not suffice: \$N=(2,2)\$ theories with nonzero fundamental group, Phys. Lett. B 334 (1994) 79-86, arXiv:hep-th/9406032.
7. (with P. S. Aspinwall and B. R. Greene), Space--time topology change and stringy geometry, J. Math. Phys. 35 (1994) 5321-5337, (Also published in: Pascos '94, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Particles, Strings and Cosmology, (K. C. Wali, ed.), World Scientific, 1995, pp. 201--222).
8. (with P. Candelas, A. Font and S. Katz), Mirror symmetry for two parameter models -- II, Nuclear Phys. B 429 (1994) 626-674, arXiv:hep-th/9403187.
9. (with M. R. Plesser), Summing the instantons: Quantum cohomology and mirror symmetry in toric varieties, Nuclear Phys. B 440 (1995) 279-354, arXiv:hep-th/9412236.
10. (with P. S. Aspinwall and B. R. Greene), Spacetime topology change: The physics of Calabi--Yau moduli space, Strings '93 (M. B. Halpern, G. Rivlis, and A. Sevrin, eds.), World Scientific, Singapore, 1995, pp. 241-262, arXiv:hep-th/9311186.
11. Where is the large radius limit?, Strings '93 (M. B. Halpern, G. Rivlis, and A. Sevrin, eds.), World Scientific, Singapore, 1995, pp. 311-315, arXiv:hep-th/9311049.
12. (with P. S. Aspinwall), U-duality and integral structures, Phys. Lett. B 355 (1995) 141-149, arXiv:hep-th/9505025.
13. (with B. R. Greene and A. Strominger), Black hole condensation and the unification of string vacua, Nuclear Phys. B 451 (1995) 109-120, arXiv:hep-th/9504145.
14. (with B. R. Greene and M. R. Plesser), Mirror manifolds in higher dimension, Comm. Math. Phys. 173 (1995) 559-598, Reprinted in: Mirror Symmetry II (B. Greene and S.-T. Yau, eds.), International Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 745--784, arXiv:hep-th/9402119.
15. Mirror symmetry and the type II string, Trieste Conference on S-Duality and Mirror Symmetry, Nuclear Phys. B Proc. Suppl., vol. 46, 1996, pp. 146-155, arXiv:hep-th/9512016.
16. (with M. R. Plesser), Towards mirror symmetry as duality for two-dimensional abelian gauge theories, Trieste Conference on S-Duality and Mirror Symmetry, Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl., vol. 46, 1996, (Also published in: Strings '95, Future Perspectives in String Theory (I. Bars et al., eds.), World Scientific, 1996, pp. 374--387), pp. 177-186, arXiv:hep-th/9508107.
17. (with P. S. Aspinwall), Stable singularities in string theory, Comm. Math. Phys. 178 (1996) 115-134, (with an appendix by Mark Gross), arXiv:hep-th/9503208.
18. (with C. Vafa), Compactifications of F-theory on Calabi--Yau threefolds, I, Nuclear Phys. B 473 (1996) 74-92, hep-th/9602114.
19. (with C. Vafa), Compactifications of F-theory on Calabi--Yau threefolds, II, Nuclear Phys. B 476 (1996) 437-469, hep-th/9603161.
20. (with S. Katz and M. R. Plesser), Enhanced gauge symmetry in type II string theory, Nuclear Phys. B 477 (1996) 105-140, arXiv:hep-th/9601108.
21. (with K. Becker, M. Becker, H. Ooguri, Y. Oz, and Z. Yin), Supersymmetric cycles in exceptional holonomy manifolds and Calabi--Yau \$4\$-folds, Nuclear Phys. B 480 (1996) 225-238, arXiv:hep-th/9608116.
22. (with M. Bershadsky, K. Intriligator, S. Kachru, V. Sadov, and C. Vafa), Geometric singularities and enhanced gauge symmetries, Nuclear Phys. B 481 (1996) 215-252, arXiv:hep-th/9605200.
23. (with J. Distler and B. R. Greene), Resolving singularities in (0,2) models, Nuclear Phys. B 481 (1996) 289-312, arXiv:hep-th/9605222.
24. (with B. R. Greene and C. Vafa), A geometric realization of confinement, Nuclear Phys. B 481 (1996) 513-538, arXiv:hep-th/9608039.
25. (with P. S. Aspinwall), String theory on K3 surfaces, Mirror Symmetry II (B. Greene and S.-T. Yau, eds.), International Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 703-716, arXiv:hep-th/9404151.
26. (with N. Seiberg), Extremal transitions and five-dimensional supersymmetric field theories, Nuclear Phys. B 483 (1997) 229-247, arXiv:hep-th/9609070.
27. (with O. J. Ganor and N. Seiberg), Branes, Calabi--Yau spaces, and toroidal compactification of the \$N=1\$ six-dimensional \$E_8\$ theory, Nuclear Phys. B 487 (1997) 93-127, arXiv:hep-th/9610251.
28. (with K. Intriligator and N. Seiberg), Five-dimensional supersymmetric gauge theories and degenerations of Calabi--Yau spaces, Nuclear Phys. B 497 (1997) 56-100, arXiv:hep-th/9702198.
29. (with P. S. Aspinwall), Point-like instantons on K3 orbifolds, Nuclear Phys. B 503 (1997) 533-564, arXiv:hep-th/9705104.
30. (with M. R. Douglas and B. R. Greene), Orbifold resolution by D-branes, Nuclear Phys. B 506 (1997) 84-106, arXiv:hep-th/9704151.
31. (with P. S. Aspinwall), Non-simply-connected gauge groups and rational points on elliptic curves, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (1998) 012, arXiv:hep-th/9805206.
32. (with B. R. Greene and J. Polchinski), String theory, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998) 11039-11040.
33. (with M. R. Plesser), Non-spherical horizons, I, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 3 (1999) 1-81, hep-th/9810201.
34. (with P. S. Aspinwall and S. Katz), Lie groups, Calabi--Yau threefolds, and F-theory, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 4 (2000) 95-126, arXiv:hep-th/0002012.
35. (with J. de Boer, R. Dijkgraaf, K. Hori, A. Keurentjes, J. Morgan, and S. Sethi), Triples, fluxes, and strings, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 4 (2001) 995-1186, hep-th/0103170.
36. TASI lectures on compactification and duality, Strings, Branes, and Gravity, TASI 99 (J. Harvey, S. Kachru, and E. Silverstein, eds.), World Scientific, 2001, pp. 653-719, arXiv:hep-th/0411120.
37. (with S. Sethi), Novel type I compactifications, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2002) 032, arXiv:hep-th/0109197.
38. (with P. Candelas, D.-E. Diaconescu, B. Florea, and G. Rajesh), Codimension-three bundle singularities in F-theory, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2002) 014, arXiv:hep-th/0009228.
39. (with K. Narayan and M. R. Plesser), Localized tachyons in \$\mathbb C ^3/\mathbb Z _N\$, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2004) 047, arXiv:hep-th/0406039.
40. (with K. Narayan), On tachyons, gauged linear sigma models, and flip transitions, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2005) 062, arXiv:hep-th/0412337.
41. (with M. Buican, D. Malyshev, H. Verlinde, and M. Wijnholt), D-branes at singularities, compactification, and hypercharge, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2007) 107, arXiv:hep-th/0610007.
42. (with D. Green, A. Lawrence, J. McGreevy, and E. Silverstein), Dimensional duality, Phys. Rev. D 76 (2007) 066004, arXiv:0705.0550 [hep-th].
43. (with J. Walcher), D-branes and normal functions, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 13 (2009) 553-598, arXiv:0709.4028 [hep-th].
44. (with N. Drukker and T. Okuda), Loop operators and S-duality from curves on Riemann surfaces, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2009) 031, arXiv:0907.2593 [hep-th].
45. (with V. Kumar and W. Taylor), Mapping 6D N = 1 supergravities to F-theory, J. High Energy Phys. 02 (2010) 099, arXiv:0911.3393 [hep-th].
46. (with V. Kumar and W. Taylor), Global aspects of the space of 6D N = 1 supergravities, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2010) 118, arXiv:1008.1062 [hep-th].
47. (with J. McOrist and S. Sethi), Geometries, non-geometries, and fluxes, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 14 (2010) 1515-1583, arXiv:1004.5447 [hep-th].
48. (with S. Katz, S. Schäfer-Nameki, and J. Sully), Tate's algorithm and F-theory, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2011) 094, arXiv:1106.3854 [hep-th].
49. (with W. Taylor), Matter and singularities, J. High Energy Phys. 01 (2012) 022, arXiv:1106.3563 [hep-th].
50. (with A. Grassi), Anomalies and the Euler characteristic of elliptic Calabi--Yau threefolds, Commun. Number Theory Phys. 6 (2012) 51-127, arXiv:1109.0042 [hep-th].
51. (with P. S. Aspinwall), Quivers from matrix factorizations, Comm. Math. Phys. 313 (2012) 607-633, arXiv:1005.1042 [hep-th].
52. (with W. Taylor), Classifying bases for 6D F-theory models, Central Eur. J. Phys. 10 (2012) 1072-1088, arXiv:1201.1943 [hep-th].
53. (with W. Taylor), Toric bases for 6D F-theory models, Fortschr. Phys. 60 (2012) 1187-1216, arXiv:1204.0283 [hep-th].
54. (with D. S. Park), F-theory and the Mordell--Weil group of elliptically-fibered Calabi--Yau threefolds, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2012) 128, arXiv:1208.2695 [hep-th].
55. (with H. Jockers, V. Kumar, J. M. Lapan, and M. Romo), Nonabelian 2D gauge theories for determinantal Calabi--Yau varieties, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2012) 166, arXiv:1205.3192 [hep-th].
56. (with J. Halverson and V. Kumar), New methods for characterizing phases of 2D supersymmetric gauge theories, J. High Energy Phys. 9 (2013) 143, arXiv:1305.3278 [hep-th].
57. (with K. Intriligator, H. Jockers, P. Mayr, and M. R. Plesser), Conifold transitions in M-theory on Calabi--Yau fourfolds with background fluxes, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 17 (2013) 601-699, arXiv:1203.6662 [hep-th].
58. (with H. Jockers, V. Kumar, J. M. Lapan, and M. Romo), Two-sphere partition functions and Gromov--Witten invariants, Commun. Math. Phys. 325 (2014) 1139-1170, arXiv:1208.6244 [hep-th].
59. (with J. J. Heckman and C. Vafa), On the classification of 6D SCFTs and generalized ADE orbifolds, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2014) 028, arXiv:1312.5746 [hep-th].
60. (with H. Hayashi, C. Lawrie, and S. Schäfer-Nameki), Box graphs and singular fibers, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2014) 048, arXiv:1402.2653 [hep-th].
61. (with V. Braun), F-theory on genus-one fibrations, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2014) 132, arXiv:1401.7844 [hep-th].
62. (with C. Mayrhofer, O. Till, and T. Weigand), Mordell--Weil torsion and the global structure of gauge groups in F-theory, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2014) 016, arXiv:1405.3656 [hep-th].
63. (with J. Halverson, H. Jockers, and J. Lapan), Perturbative corrections to Kähler moduli spaces, Commun. Math. Phys. 333 (2015) 1563-1584, arXiv:1308.2157 [hep-th].
64. (with J. Halverson), The landscape of M-theory compactifications on seven-manifolds with \$G_2\$ holonomy, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2015) 047, arXiv:1412.4123 [hep-th].
65. (with W. Taylor), Non-Higgsable clusters for 4D F-theory models, J. High Energy Phys. 05 (2015) 080, arXiv:1412.6112 [hep-th].
66. (with J. J. Heckman and C. Vafa), Erratum: On the classification of 6D SCFTs and generalized ADE orbifolds, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2015) 017.
67. (with M. Del Zotto, J. J. Heckman, and D. Park), 6D SCFTs and gravity, J. High Energy Phys. 06 (2015) 158, arXiv:1412.6526 [hep-th].
68. (with A. Malmendier), K3 surfaces, modular forms, and non-geometric heterotic compactifications, Lett. Math. Phys. 105 (2015) 1085-1118, arXiv:1406.4873 [hep-th].
69. (with J. J. Heckman, T. Rudelius, and C. Vafa), Atomic classification of 6D SCFTs, Fortschr. Phys. 63 (2015) 468-530, arXiv:1502.05405 [hep-th].
70. (with J. J. Heckman, T. Rudelius, and C. Vafa), Geometry of 6D RG flows, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2015) 052, arXiv:1505.00009 [hep-th].
71. (with L. Bhardwaj, M. Del Zotto, J. J. Heckman, T. Rudelius, and C. Vafa), F-theory and the classification of little strings, Phys. Rev. D 93 (2016) 086002, arXiv:1511.05565 [hep-th].
72. (with J. Halverson), On gauge enhancement and singular limits in \$G_2\$ compactifications of M-theory, J. High Energy Phys. 04 (2016) 100, arXiv:1507.05965 [hep-th].
73. (with M. Bertolini and P. R. Merkx), On the global symmetries of 6D superconformal field theories, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (2016) 005, arXiv:1510.08056 [hep-th].
74. (with W. Taylor), Sections, multisections, and \$U(1)\$ fields in F-theory, J. Singularities 15 (2016) 126-149, arXiv:1404.1527 [hep-th].
75. (with C. Vafa), F-theory and N=1 SCFTs in four dimensions, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2016) 070, arXiv:1604.03560 [hep-th].
76. (with T. Rudelius), F-theory and unpaired tensors in 6D SCFTs and LSTs, Fortschr. Phys. 64 (2016) 645-656, arXiv:1605.08045 [hep-th].
77. (with D. S. Park), Tall sections from non-minimal transformations, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2016) 033, arXiv:1606.07444 [hep-th].
78. (with H. Jockers, S. Katz, and M. R. Plesser), \$SU(N)\$ transitions in M-theory on Calabi--Yau fourfolds and background fluxes, Commun. Math. Phys. 351 (2017) 837-871, arXiv:1602.07693 [hep-th].
79. (with M. Del Zotto and J. J. Heckman), 6D SCFTs and phases of 5d theories, J. High Energy Phys. 09 (2017) 147, arXiv:1703.02981 [hep-th].
80. Gromov--Witten invariants and localization, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 (2017) 443004, arXiv:1608.02956 [hep-th].
81. (with D. Klevers, N. Raghuram, and W. Taylor), Exotic matter on singular divisors in F-theory, J. High Energy Phys. 11 (2017) 124, arXiv:1706.08194 [hep-th].
82. (with D. S. Park and W. Taylor), Non-Higgsable abelian gauge symmetry and F-theory on fiber products of rational elliptic surfaces, arXiv:1610.06929 [hep-th].
83. (with F. Apruzzi, J. J. Heckman, and L. Tizzano), 4D gauge theories with conformal matter, arXiv:1803.00582 [hep-th].
84. (with A. P. Braun, M. Del Zotto, J. Halverson, M Larfors, and S. Schäfer-Nameki), Infinitely many M2-instanton corrections to M-theory on \$G_2\$-manifolds, arXiv:1803.02343 [hep-th].

In mathematics, the Enriques–Kodaira classification is a classification of compactcomplex surfaces into ten classes. For each of these classes, the surfaces in the class can be parametrized by a moduli space. For most of the classes the moduli spaces are well understood, but for the class of surfaces of general type the moduli spaces seem too complicated to describe explicitly, though some components are known.

Max Noether began the systematic study of algebraic surfaces, and Guido Castelnuovo proved important parts of the classification. Federigo Enriques (1914, 1949) described the classification of complex projective surfaces. Kunihiko Kodaira (1964, 1966, 1968, 1968b) later extended the classification to include non-algebraic compact surfaces. The analogous classification of surfaces in characteristic p > 0 was begun by David Mumford (1969) and completed by Enrico Bombieri and David Mumford (1976, 1977); it is similar to the characteristic 0 projective case, except that one also gets singular and supersingular Enriques surfaces in characteristic 2, and quasi-hyperelliptic surfaces in characteristics 2 and 3.

Statement of the classification

The Enriques–Kodaira classification of compact complex surfaces states that every nonsingular minimal compact complex surface is of exactly one of the 10 types listed on this page; in other words, it is one of the rational, ruled (genus >0), type VII, K3, Enriques, Kodaira, toric, hyperelliptic, properly quasi-elliptic, or general type surfaces.

For the 9 classes of surfaces other than general type, there is a fairly complete description of what all the surfaces look like (which for class VII depends on the global spherical shell conjecture, still unproved in 2009). For surfaces of general type not much is known about their explicit classification, though many examples have been found.

The classification of algebraic surfaces in positive characteristics (Mumford 1969, Mumford & Bombieri 1976, 1977) is similar to that of algebraic surfaces in characteristic 0, except that there are no Kodaira surfaces or surfaces of type VII, and there are some extra families of Enriques surfaces in characteristic 2, and hyperelliptic surfaces in characteristics 2 and 3, and in Kodaira dimension 1 in characteristics 2 and 3 one also allows quasielliptic fibrations. These extra families can be understood as follows: In characteristic 0 these surfaces are the quotients of surfaces by finite groups, but in finite characteristics it is also possible to take quotients by finite group schemes that are not étale.

Oscar Zariski constructed some surfaces in positive characteristic that are unirational but not rational, derived from inseparable extensions (Zariski surfaces). In positive characteristic Serre showed that h0(Ω) may differ from h1(O), and Igusa showed that even when they are equal they may be greater than the irregularity (the dimension of the Picard variety).

Invariants of surfaces

Hodge numbers and Kodaira dimension

The most important invariants of a compact complex surfaces used in the classification can be given in terms of the dimensions of various coherent sheaf cohomology groups. The basic ones are the plurigenera and the Hodge numbers defined as follows:

• K is the canonical line bundle whose sections are the holomorphic 2-forms.
• Pn = dim H0(Kn) for n ≥ 1 are the plurigenera. They are birational invariants, i.e. invariant under blowing up. Using Seiberg–Witten theory Friedman and Morgan showed that for complex manifolds they only depend on the underlying oriented smooth 4-manifold. For non-Kähler surfaces the plurigenera are determined by the fundamental group, but for Kähler surfaces there are examples of surfaces that are homeomorphic but have different plurigenera and Kodaira dimensions. The individual plurigenera are not often used; the most important thing about them is their growth rate, measured by the Kodaira dimension.
• κ is the Kodaira dimension: it is (sometimes written −1) if the plurigenera are all 0, and is otherwise the smallest number (0, 1, or 2 for surfaces) such that Pn/nκ is bounded. Enriques did not use this definition: instead he used the values of P12 and These determine the Kodaira dimension, since Kodaira dimension corresponds to P12 = 0, κ = 0 corresponds to P12 = 1, κ = 1 corresponds to P12 > 1 and K.K = 0, while κ = 2 corresponds to P12 > 1 and K.K > 0.
• hi,j = dim Hj(X, Ωi), where Ωi is the sheaf of holomorphici-forms, are the Hodge numbers, often arranged in the Hodge diamond
 h0,0 h1,0 h0,1 h2,0 h1,1 h0,2 h2,1 h1,2 h2,2

By Serre dualityhi,j = h 2−i,2−j, and h 0,0 = h 2,2 = 1. If the surface is Kähler then hi,j = hj,i, so there are only 3 independent Hodge numbers. For compact complex surfaces h1,0 is either h0,1 or h0,1 − 1. The first plurigenus P1 is equal to the Hodge numbers h2,0 = h0,2, and is sometimes called the geometric genus. The Hodge numbers of a complex surface depend only on the oriented real cohomology ring of the surface, and are invariant under birational transformations except for h1,1 which increases by 1 under blowing up a single point.

Invariants related to Hodge numbers

There are many invariants that (at least for complex surfaces) can be written as linear combinations of the Hodge numbers, as follows:

• b0,b1,b2,b3,b4 are the Betti numbers: bi = dim(Hi(S)). b0 = b4 = 1 and b1 = b3 = h1,0 + h0,1 = h2,1 + h1,2 and b2 = h2,0 + h1,1 + h0,2. In characteristic p > 0 the Betti numbers (defined using l-adic cohomology) need not be related in this way to Hodge numbers.
• e = b0 − b1 + b2 − b3 + b4 is the Euler characteristic or Euler number.
• q is the irregularity, the dimension of the Picard variety and the Albanese variety, which for complex surfaces (but not always for surfaces of prime characteristic) is h0,1.
• pg = h0,2 = h2,0 = P1is the geometric genus.
• pa = pg − q = h0,2 − h0,1 is the arithmetic genus.
• χ = pg − q + 1 = h0,2 − h0,1 + 1 is the holomorphic Euler characteristic of the trivial bundle. (It usually differs from the Euler number e defined above.) By Noether's formula it is also equal to the Todd genus (c12 + c2)/12
• τ is the signature (of the second cohomology group for complex surfaces) and is equal to 4χ−e, which is
• b+ and b are the dimensions of the maximal positive and negative definite subspaces of H 2, so b+ + b −  = b2 and b+ − b = τ.
• c2 = e and are the Chern numbers, defined as the integrals of various polynomials in the Chern classes over the manifold.

For complex surfaces the invariants above defined in terms of Hodge numbers depend only on the underlying oriented topological manifold.

Other invariants

There are further invariants of compact complex surfaces that are not used so much in the classification. These include algebraic invariants such as the Picard group Pic(X) of divisors modulo linear equivalence, its quotient the Néron–Severi group NS(X) with rank the Picard number ρ, topological invariants such as the fundamental group π1 and the integral homology and cohomology groups, and invariants of the underlying smooth 4-manifold such as the Seiberg–Witten invariants and Donaldson invariants.

Minimal models and blowing up

Any surface is birational to a non-singular surface, so for most purposes it is enough to classify the non-singular surfaces.

Given any point on a surface, we can form a new surface by blowing up this point, which means roughly that we replace it by a copy of the projective line. For the purpose of this article, a non-singular surface X is called minimal if it cannot be obtained from another non-singular surface by blowing up a point. By Castelnuovo's contraction theorem, this is equivalent to saying that X has no (−1)-curves (smooth rational curves with self-intersection number −1). (In the more modern terminology of the minimal model program, a smooth projective surface X would be called minimal if its canonical line bundle KX is nef. A smooth projective surface has a minimal model in that stronger sense if and only if its Kodaira dimension is nonnegative.)

Every surface X is birational to a minimal non-singular surface, and this minimal non-singular surface is unique if X has Kodaira dimension at least 0 or is not algebraic. Algebraic surfaces of Kodaira dimension may be birational to more than one minimal non-singular surface, but it is easy to describe the relation between these minimal surfaces. For example, P1 × P1 blown up at a point is isomorphic to P2 blown up twice. So to classify all compact complex surfaces up to birational isomorphism it is (more or less) enough to classify the minimal non-singular ones.

Surfaces of Kodaira dimension −∞

Algebraic surfaces of Kodaira dimension can be classified as follows. If q > 0 then the map to the Albanese variety has fibers that are projective lines (if the surface is minimal) so the surface is a ruled surface. If q = 0 this argument does not work as the Albanese variety is a point, but in this case Castelnuovo's theorem implies that the surface is rational.

For non-algebraic surfaces Kodaira found an extra class of surfaces, called type VII, which are still not well understood.

Rational surfaces

Rational surface means surface birational to the complex projective planeP2. These are all algebraic. The minimal rational surfaces are P2 itself and the Hirzebruch surfaces Σn for n = 0 or n ≥ 2. (The Hirzebruch surface Σn is the P1 bundle over P1 associated to the sheaf O(0)+O(n). The surface Σ0 is isomorphic to P1×P1, and Σ1 is isomorphic to P2 blown up at a point so is not minimal.)

Invariants: The plurigenera are all 0 and the fundamental group is trivial.

Hodge diamond:

 1 0 0 0 1 0 (Projective plane) 0 0 1
 1 0 0 0 2 0 (Hirzebruch surfaces) 0 0 1

Examples:P2, P1×P1 = Σ0, Hirzebruch surfaces Σn, quadrics, cubic surfaces, del Pezzo surfaces, Veronese surface. Many of these examples are non-minimal.

Ruled surfaces of genus > 0

Ruled surfaces of genus g have a smooth morphism to a curve of genus g whose fibers are lines P1. They are all algebraic. (The ones of genus 0 are the Hirzebruch surfaces and are rational.) Any ruled surface is birationally equivalent to P1×C for a unique curve C, so the classification of ruled surfaces up to birational equivalence is essentially the same as the classification of curves. A ruled surface not isomorphic to P1×P1 has a unique ruling (P1×P1 has two).

Invariants: The plurigenera are all 0.

Hodge diamond:

Examples: The product of any curve of genus > 0 with P1.

Surfaces of class VII

Main article: Surface of class VII

These surfaces are never algebraic or Kähler. The minimal ones with b2=0 have been classified by Bogomolov, and are either Hopf surfaces or Inoue surfaces. Examples with positive second Betti number include Inoue-Hirzebruch surfaces, Enoki surfaces, and more generally Kato surfaces. The global spherical shell conjecture implies that all minimal class VII surfaces with positive second Betti number are Kato surfaces, which would more or less complete the classification of the type VII surfaces.

Invariants:q=1, h1,0 = 0. All plurigenera are 0.

Hodge diamond:

Surfaces of Kodaira dimension 0

These surfaces are classified by starting with Noether's formula For Kodaira dimension 0, K has zero intersection number with itself, so Using χ= h0,0h0,1 + h0,2 and c2 = 2 − 2b1 + b2 gives

Moreover since κ = 0 we have:

combining this with the previous equation gives:

In general 2h0,1b1, so three terms on the left are non-negative integers and there are only a few solutions to this equation. For algebraic surfaces 2h0,1b1 is an even integer between 0 and 2pg, while for compact complex surfaces it is 0 or 1, and is 0 for Kähler surfaces. For Kähler surfaces we have h1,0 = h0,1.

Most solutions to these conditions correspond to classes of surfaces, as in the following table:

b2b1h0,1pg =h0,2h1,0h1,1SurfacesFields
22001020K3Any. Always Kähler over the complex numbers, but need not be algebraic.
10000010Classical EnriquesAny. Always algebraic.
10011Non-classical EnriquesOnly characteristic 2
642124Abelian surfaces, toriAny. Always Kähler over the complex numbers, but need not be algebraic.
221012HyperellipticAny. Always algebraic
2221Quasi-hyperellipticOnly characteristics 2, 3
432112Primary KodairaOnly complex, never Kähler
011000Secondary KodairaOnly complex, never Kähler

K3 surfaces

These are the minimal compact complex surfaces of Kodaira dimension 0 with q = 0 and trivial canonical line bundle. They are all Kähler manifolds. All K3 surfaces are diffeomorphic, and their diffeomorphism class is an important example of a smooth spin simply connected 4-manifold.

Invariants: The second cohomology group H2(X, Z) is isomorphic to the unique even unimodular lattice II3,19 of dimension 22 and signature −16.

Hodge diamond:

Examples:

• Degree 4 hypersurfaces in P3(C)
• Kummer surfaces. These are obtained by quotienting out an abelian surface by the automorphism a → −a, then blowing up the 16 singular points.

A marked K3 surface is a K3 surface together with an isomorphism from II3,19 to H2(X, Z). The moduli space of marked K3 surfaces is connected non-Hausdorff smooth analytic space of dimension 20. The algebraic K3 surfaces form a countable collection of 19-dimensional subvarieties of it.

Abelian surfaces and 2-dimensional complex tori

The two-dimensional complex tori include the abelian surfaces. One-dimensional complex tori are just elliptic curves and are all algebraic, but Riemann discovered that most complex tori of dimension 2 are not algebraic. The algebraic ones are exactly the 2-dimensional abelian varieties. Most of their theory is a special case of the theory of higher-dimensional tori or abelian varieties. Criteria to be a product of two elliptic curves (up to isogeny) were a popular study in the nineteenth century.

Invariants: The plurigenera are all 1. The surface is diffeomorphic to S1 × S1 × S1 × S1 so the fundamental group is Z4.

Hodge diamond:

Examples: A product of two elliptic curves. The Jacobian of a genus 2 curve. Any quotient of C2 by a lattice.

Kodaira surfaces

Main article: Kodaira surface

These are never algebraic, though they have non-constant meromorphic functions. They are usually divided into two subtypes: primary Kodaira surfaces with trivial canonical bundle, and secondary Kodaira surfaces which are quotients of these by finite groups of orders 2, 3, 4, or 6, and which have non-trivial canonical bundles. The secondary Kodaira surfaces have the same relation to primary ones that Enriques surfaces have to K3 surfaces, or bielliptic surfaces have to abelian surfaces.

Invariants: If the surface is the quotient of a primary Kodaira surface by a group of order k=1,2,3,4,6, then the plurigenera Pn are 1 if n is divisible by k and 0 otherwise.

Hodge diamond:

 1 1 2 1 2 1 (Primary) 2 1 1
 1 0 1 0 0 0 (Secondary) 1 0 1

Examples: Take a non-trivial line bundle over an elliptic curve, remove the zero section, then quotient out the fibers by Z acting as multiplication by powers of some complex number z. This gives a primary Kodaira surface.

Enriques surfaces

Main article: Enriques surface

These are the complex surfaces such that q = 0 and the canonical line bundle is non-trivial, but has trivial square. Enriques surfaces are all algebraic (and therefore Kähler). They are quotients of K3 surfaces by a group of order 2 and their theory is similar to that of algebraic K3 surfaces.

Invariants: The plurigenera Pn are 1 if n is even and 0 if n is odd. The fundamental group has order 2. The second cohomology group H2(X, Z) is isomorphic to the sum of the unique even unimodular lattice II1,9 of dimension 10 and signature -8 and a group of order 2.

Hodge diamond:

Marked Enriques surfaces form a connected 10-dimensional family, which has been described explicitly.

In characteristic 2 there are some extra families of Enriques surfaces called singular and supersingular Enriques surfaces; see the article on Enriques surfaces for details.

Hyperelliptic (or bielliptic) surfaces

Main article: hyperelliptic surface

Over the complex numbers these are quotients of a product of two elliptic curves by a finite group of automorphisms. The finite group can be Z/2Z, Z/2Z+Z/2Z, Z/3Z, Z/3Z+Z/3Z, Z/4Z, Z/4Z+Z/2Z, or Z/6Z, giving 7 families of such surfaces. Over fields of characteristics 2 or 3 there are some extra families given by taking quotients by a non-etale group scheme; see the article on hyperelliptic surfaces for details.

Hodge diamond:

Surfaces of Kodaira dimension 1

An elliptic surface is a surface equipped with an elliptic fibration (a surjective holomorphic map to a curve B such that all but finitely many fibers are smooth irreducible curves of genus 1). The generic fiber in such a fibration is a genus 1 curve over the function field of B. Conversely, given a genus 1 curve over the function field of a curve, its relative minimal model is an elliptic surface. Kodaira and others have given a fairly complete description of all elliptic surfaces. In particular, Kodaira gave a complete list of the possible singular fibers. The theory of elliptic surfaces is analogous to the theory of proper regular models of elliptic curves over discrete valuation rings (e.g., the ring of p-adic integers) and Dedekind domains (e.g., the ring of integers of a number field).

In finite characteristic 2 and 3 one can also get quasi-elliptic surfaces, whose fibers may almost all be rational curves with a single node, which are "degenerate elliptic curves".

Every surface of Kodaira dimension 1 is an elliptic surface (or a quasielliptic surface in characteristics 2 or 3), but the converse is not true: an elliptic surface can have Kodaira dimension , 0, or 1. All Enriques surfaces, all hyperelliptic surfaces, all Kodaira surfaces, some K3 surfaces, some abelian surfaces, and some rational surfaces are elliptic surfaces, and these examples have Kodaira dimension less than 1. An elliptic surface whose base curve B is of genus at least 2 always has Kodaira dimension 1, but the Kodaira dimension can be 1 also for some elliptic surfaces with B of genus 0 or 1.

Invariants:c12 = 0, c2≥ 0.

Example: If E is an elliptic curve and B is a curve of genus at least 2, then E×B is an elliptic surface of Kodaira dimension 1.

Surfaces of Kodaira dimension 2 (surfaces of general type)

Main article: Surface of general type

These are all algebraic, and in some sense most surfaces are in this class. Gieseker showed that there is a coarse moduli scheme for surfaces of general type; this means that for any fixed values of the Chern numbers c12 and c2, there is a quasi-projective scheme classifying the surfaces of general type with those Chern numbers. However it is a very difficult problem to describe these schemes explicitly, and there are very few pairs of Chern numbers for which this has been done (except when the scheme is empty!)

Invariants: There are several conditions that the Chern numbers of a minimal complex surface of general type must satisfy:

Most pairs of integers satisfying these conditions are the Chern numbers for some complex surface of general type.

Examples: The simplest examples are the product of two curves of genus at least 2, and a hypersurface of degree at least 5 in P3. There are a large number of other constructions known. However, there is no known construction that can produce "typical" surfaces of general type for large Chern numbers; in fact it is not even known if there is any reasonable concept of a "typical" surface of general type. There are many other examples that have been found, including most Hilbert modular surfaces, fake projective planes, Barlow surfaces, and so on.

References

• Barth, Wolf P.; Hulek, Klaus; Peters, Chris A.M.; Van de Ven, Antonius (2004), Compact Complex Surfaces, Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 3. Folge., 4, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-540-00832-3, MR 2030225  – the standard reference book for compact complex surfaces
• Beauville, Arnaud (1996), Complex algebraic surfaces, London Mathematical Society Student Texts, 34 (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-49510-3, MR 1406314 ; (ISBN 978-0-521-49842-5 softcover) – including a more elementary introduction to the classification
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Chern numbers of minimal complex surfaces